...is important to be open to conceiving other new tools that may be appropriate or necessary to meet new challenges. In this article, the author proposes the concept of “commonalities”,...
...is the transient loss of compatibility benefit in the experimentation stage. The market outcome is shown to generate too little ex post standardization after experimentation compared with the social optimum....
...software development communities are described, examined, and compared to help discover what these differences may be. Eight kinds of software informalisms are found to play a critical role in the...
Many established technologies are today being challenged as not meeting the demands of modern society. The problem can be that they do not represent the best known technology, for example...
...complements. These network effects enable the creation of a technological standard, which can lead to a strong competitive position for the core product manufacturer. There is no guarantee, however, that...
...settings side-effects may be interpreted as apparitions of the reflexive nature of the standardization process. Accordingly, attempts to standardize may reinforce complexity. The research question is addressed by providing an...
As the information technology (I.T.) marketplace becomes more competitive and heterogeneous in nature, the need for interoperability among diverse systems and components increases dramatically. Whereas 20 years ago, individuals and...
While standards wars provide the most visible example of conflict in establishing standards, there are many lesser levels of confrontation that arise from the same situations and motivations, and that...
Today, just 11 years after the first release of XML, there are hundreds of XML languages, schema and supporting standards. Because of standards like XML (and HTML and the Unicode),...
Those that study standards development and utilization have adopted a variety of methods to make their investigations more disciplined and their observations more meaningful. One of these techniques is the...