Until the 1980s standards setting had been primarily an internal matter for firms or the domain of private sector technical bodies at the national level. Each country produced its own...
In this essay, I address two common and seemingly unconnected beliefs about the market role for standards: The first belief is that despite increasing knowledge and study, standardization strategy has...
This paper reviews the history of standardization, from firm-level standardization at the early Industrial Revolution, to private standardization organizations and voluntary standards in the market economy, and national or international...
...the development of open interface standards, based on the architecture, has benefits in allowing products and services to be compatible across an architecture interface. Architecture-compatible system designs can leverage interface...
...sometimes rise to the level of monopolies—in order to encourage innovation and creativity. The antitrust laws are designed to foster competition and to prevent the formation of monopolies. The other...
...services has supported interoperability at the syntax level. However, issues of structural and semantic heterogeneity between messages exchanged by Web services are far more complex and crucial to interoperability. It...
...services to construct new parts, devices, and systems. Systems, devices, parts, and DNA represent descending levels of complexity systems consist of devices, and devices consist of parts composed of DNA....
...technological innovation in the long run. This Article reveals that the common wisdom is only half correct. The nonobviousness standard is not too low, but both too high and too...
This report provides a high-level overview of the current legal and policy framework for government engagement in private-sector standards activities and describes how the government engages in these activities. It...
...government to impose a lower public standard, retailers may apply their market power to install a private standard at a higher level than the public one, depending on several factors....